B.V.B Pick FX7 China 100 Yuan 1979 VF+ Foreign Exchange Certificate. GREAT WALL.

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Great Wall of China

Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe. Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC; these, later joined together and made bigger and stronger, are now collectively referred to as the Great Wall. Especially famous is the wall built 220–206 BC by Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. Little of that wall remains. Since then, the Great Wall has been rebuilt, maintained, and enhanced; the majority of the existing wall is from the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644).

Other purposes of the Great Wall have included border controls, allowing the imposition of duties on goods transported along the Silk Road, regulation or encouragement of trade and the control of immigration and emigration. Furthermore, the defensive characteristics of the Great Wall were enhanced by the construction of watch towers, troop barracks, garrison stations, signaling capabilities through the means of smoke or fire, and the fact that the path of the Great Wall also served as a transportation corridor.

The Great Wall stretches from Dandong in the east to Lop Lake in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia. A comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has concluded that the Ming walls measure 8,850 km (5,500 mi). This is made up of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) sections of actual wall, 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers. Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measure out to be 21,196 km (13,171 mi).

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China

Foreign exchange certificate

A foreign exchange certificate, sometimes abbreviated to FEC, is a tool for foreign exchange control in countries where the national currency is subject to exchange controls or is not convertible. The arrangements vary significantly case by case. Some of the main types of FEC are:

• A certificate for purchasing foreign currency at a specified rate, often for a specified purpose, such as financing imports. This type of certificates were required in many European countries after World War II.
• A certificate denominated in local currency, which the foreign citizens are required to use for some or all of their purchases. The exchange rate may be more favourable for the visitor than the official commercial rate. The purpose is to channel the foreign exchange to the state coffers instead of the black market. This type of FEC's were in use in China in 1980–1994.
• A certificate denominated in foreign currency, to which the local citizens are required to exchange any foreign currency they manage to get possession of. These certificates may be accepted as payment in specific stores, which otherwise sell goods only to foreign citizens in exchange for foreign currency. This type of FEC's were applied in the Soviet Union in 1961–1991.

Some countries which have employed FEC's or similar arrangements under some other name in the past include:

• Soviet Union
• China
• Myanmar (Burma) (until March 2013)
• East Germany (forum checks, pegged to the West German Deutsche Mark)
• Nazi Germany
• Ghana – it was illegal to import and export Ghanaian cedi banknotes (around 1980)
• North Korea
• Cuba (Today's convertible peso, to an extent, is a form of FEC)
• Czechoslovakia (Tuzex)
• Bulgaria (Corecom)
• Poland

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_certificate

B.V.B Pick 61 Havana y Puerto Rico 1 Peso 1869 XF.

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Cuba

Cuba, oficialmente la República de Cuba, es un país soberano insular del Caribe, asentado en un archipiélago del mar de las Antillas. El territorio está organizado en quince provincias y un municipio especial con La Habana como capital y ciudad más poblada.

La Isla de Cuba es la más grande de las Antillas Mayores y tiene origen orogénico. Completan el archipiélago la Isla de la Juventud y una multitud de cayos o pequeñas islas que las rodean: Cayo Coco, Cayo Guillermo, Cayo Largo del Sur y Cayo Jutías, entre otros. Colinda, al norte, con el estado estadounidense de Florida y con las Bahamas, al oeste con México y al sur con las Islas Caimán y Jamaica. Al sudeste de Cuba, se encuentra la isla de La Española.

Previo al período de la Colonización española de América iniciado en el siglo XV, el actual territorio cubano se encontraba habitado por diversos pueblos amerindios. Cuba se mantuvo como colonia española hasta 1869, y como provincia española hasta la Guerra hispano-estadounidense de 1898, desatada a partir de la intervención de Estados Unidos en la guerra de Independencia cubana. El triunfo estadounidense condujo a la independencia nominal de facto como protectorado de Estados Unidos en 1902. Durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, Cuba trató de reforzar su sistema democrático, pero tras fuertes conflictos sociales y tensiones políticas, se produjo un Golpe de Estado en 1952, que dio lugar a la dictadura de Fulgencio Batista. Batista fue derrocado por el Movimiento 26 de Julio liderado por Fidel Castro durante la Revolución cubana en 1959, pasando Castro a ser Primer Ministro, jefe de Gobierno. En 1965, se fundó el Partido Comunista de Cuba, que gobierna el país hasta la actualidad. Este fue un punto de alta conflictividad entre la Unión Soviética y los Estados Unidos, en el marco de la Guerra Fría, al punto de llevar a ambas naciones al borde de una guerra nuclear durante el desarrollo de la Crisis de los misiles de 1962.

El país es un Estado marxista-leninista con un sistema político de partido único dominado por el Partido Comunista, cuyo rol se encuentra amparado por la Constitución. Es una nación en vías de desarrollo que adopta para sí una economía planificada, cuyas principales actividades son las exportaciones de azúcar, tabaco, café, productos farmacéuticos y mano de obra especializada. Ocupa el puesto 67º en el Índice de desarrollo humano elaborado por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, y el 5º entre los latinoamericanos, solo por detrás de Argentina, Chile, Uruguay y Panamá. En 2015, Cuba tenía el 3° IDH en Latinoamérica. De acuerdo con datos de la ONU, es el único país del mundo que cumple los dos criterios que, para la organización WWF, significan la existencia del desarrollo sostenible: desarrollo humano alto (IDH 0,8) y huella ecológica sostenible (huella < 1,8 ha/p).

Guerras de Independencia (1868-1898)

La Guerra de los Diez Años

Durante el periodo de la Guerra que por el tiempo que se extendió tomó el nombre de Guerra de los Diez Años surgieron grandes jefes revolucionarios, que tuvieron una significación histórica en las posteriores guerras y contiendas. Es el caso de Ignacio Agramonte, Antonio Maceo, Máximo Gómez, José Maceo, Vicente García González y Calixto García, entre otros muchos.El 10 de octubre de 1868 en el Ingenio "La Demajagua", que le pertenecía el hacendado Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, en la Región de Manzanillo, libera a sus esclavos y sin imponerles nada los invita a iniciar la lucha contra el colonialismo español que se imponía en Cuba. Así se iniciaba el periodo revolucionario de las luchas por la independencia de Cuba que no triunfaría hasta el 20 de mayo de 1902. En este levantamiento se traza Céspedes un programa de lucha donde expresa las causas y los objetivos del inicio de la Guerra conocido como el Manifiesto del 10 de octubre.

Source: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba#Guerras_de_Independencia_.281868-1898.29

B.V.B Pick 3a Rwanda and Burundi 20 Francs 1960 XF. Catalog Value: 700 Dollars.

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Rwanda-Burundi Franc

The Ruanda-Urundi franc was a currency issued for the Belgian mandate territory of Ruanda-Urundi (modern-day Rwanda and Burundi) in East Africa between 1960 and 1964. The currency replaced the Belgian Congo franc which had also circulated in Ruanda-Urundi from 1916 until 1960 when the Belgian Congo became independent, leaving Ruanda-Urundi as the sole Belgian colonial possession in Africa. With the independence of Rwanda and Burundi in 1962, the shared Ruanda-Urundi franc continued to circulate until 1964 when it was eventually replaced by two separate national currencies.

The franc became the currency of Rwanda and Burundi in 1916, when the two countries were occupied by Belgium and the Belgian Congo franc replaced the German East African rupie. In 1960, the Belgian Congo franc was replaced by the Ruanda-Urundi franc, issued by the Banque d’Emission du Rwanda et du Burundi (Issuing Bank of Rwanda and Burundi) or BERB. This circulated after independence until January 1964, when Rwanda and Burundi introduced their own currencies, the Burundian franc and the Rwandan franc.

From 1960 to 1963, the BERB issued notes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs. In 1964, Burundi overprinted all of these denominations for use in Burundi, whilst Rwanda overprinted all but the 5 and 10 franc notes for use in Rwanda.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi_franc

B.V.B Pick 11b 100 Srang Tibet 1942 UNC (Ebay's Best Price in UNC condition)

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Tibetan banknotes

Tibetan banknotes were first issued in January 1913 with the denominations of 5 tam (green or blue) and 10 tam (red). These were dated to the year 1658 of the Tibetan Era (which began in AD 1912 and ended in early 1913). Further issues followed later in AD 1913. All these notes are dated to the Tibetan Era year 1659, which began in February AD 1913. They are as follows: a 10 tam note (red), a 15 tam note (violet), a 25 tam note (brown or yellow), and a 50 tam note (blue or purple). Like the two earlier issues, they bear a red seal representing the authority of the Dalai Lama and a black seal which has the following inscription in 'phags pa ( also called "seal script") Tibetan script: gzhung dngul khang, and can be translated as "government treasury" or "government bank". The five tam notes continued to be printed, but the date on this notes was not changed, i.e. it remained T.E. (Tibetan Era) 1658. The early Tibetan notes were woodblock printed on locally produced paper and were hand-numbered with black ink by specially trained Tibetan calligraphists. In the 1930s they were withdrawn from circulation. They bear the following inscription on the obverse:

"Gangs ljongs bod rgyal khab chen po´i lugs zung chab

"Srid dbu brnyes kyi lo chig stong drug brgya bcu nga brgyad

"Phun tshogs sde bzhi´i dpal mnga´ phan bde´i spyi nor

"Chos srid gnyis ldan gyi rab byung bco lnga pa´i[ba ´i] shog dngul."

The following translation has been suggested for this legend:

1658 years from the founding of the religious-secular form of government in the great country of Tibet, the land of snows, paper money (shog dngul) of the 15th cycle (rab byung bco lnga) of the government of religion and politics (chos srid gnyis ldan), the universal jewel (spyi nor) of benefit and bless, endowed with the four types of auspiciousness.

In 1937 or '38 new multicolored notes with the high denomination 100 tam srang were introduced. They bear the same octagonal red seal as the early "tam" denominated notes and a black seal of a new type which bears the following inscription: Srid zhi dpal ´bar.The highest denomination note (50 tam) was often forged, and the Tibetan government decided to introduce a new multicoloured version printed in a more sophisticated manner. The legends on the obverse were printed from woodblocks, while the remaining design on both sides was machine-printed using several different metal blocks. The first notes of this new issue were dated T.E. 1672 (= AD 1926). New notes of this denomination were produced every year until T.E. 1687 (= AD 1941).

This legend refers to the Tibetan government mint. The following translations have been suggested: "Two famous Governments"; "The Glory of both (lay and religious) Governments´ houses" "May every form of being augment the good and Government, peace and progress." A freer translation would read: "A peaceful government (generates) prosperity".

The denomination of these notes was soon changed from "tam srang" to "srang" and they were given a smaller circular red seal. The 100 srang notes are machine-printed and hand-numbered; they were regularly issued between 1939 and 1945 and again between 1951 and 1959 but bear no date.

Further machine-printed "srang" denominated notes followed. In 1940 saw the issue of "10 srang" notes bearing the date T.E. 1686. These were machine-printed in three colors (red, blue and black) and carried different T.E. dates until T.E. 1694 (= AD 1948). An undated "5 srang" note of small size was issued between 1942 and 1946. Finally, an undated "25 srang" note was introduced in 1950 and was issued until 1955.

All the Tibetan srang-denominated banknotes were machine-printed on locally made paper at the government mint of Trabshi Lekhung using inks imported from India. All denominations are hand-numbered.

In 1959 these issues were withdrawn from circulation and replaced by Chinese banknotes denominated in Renminbi Yuan.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet